{ "title": "Pallet Recycling Denominator and Source Audit", "creator": "Toledo Dock Door Repair Research", "identity": "Toledo Dock Door Repair Research is the independent research and reference section of ToledoDockDoorRepair.com.", "release_version": "2026-09-11.2", "last_verified": "2026-09-11", "originality": "Original source-preserving compilation, scope crosswalk and arithmetic. No original field survey, census, or independently observed national recycling rate.", "geographic_scope": "United States; defined Franklin County, Ohio SWACO study streams. Lucas County and statewide Ohio pallet rates are unverified coverage gaps.", "verification_legend": { "★": "Primary source checked directly; stated arithmetic reproduced. Verification depth is not statistical confidence.", "●": "Official source pointer checked, but underlying document could not be verified. No quantitative record uses this tier." }, "missing_data_policy": "Missing is null/blank, never zero. A failed retrieval is not proof a statistic does not exist.", "units_policy": "EPA uses thousands of U.S. short tons. SWACO values retained as tons as reported. Counts and masses are not converted or added.", "rounding_policy": "Retain input precision. Display calculated percentages to one decimal; full arithmetic in machine-readable output is not extra measurement precision.", "coverage_gaps": [ { "geography": "Ohio statewide", "metric": "Pallet-specific recycling rate", "value": null, "status": "Not verified for this edition", "notes": "No extrapolation from national, Franklin County, or all-material recycling data." }, { "geography": "Lucas County, Ohio", "metric": "Pallet-specific recycling rate", "value": null, "status": "Not verified for this edition", "source_id": "S06", "notes": "Official approved-plan landing page read; linked plan download not retrieved. No claim about unread plan contents." } ], "limitations": [ "National counts are expanded survey estimates, not a census.", "Annual output is not a tracked unique-pallet cohort.", "Industry and landfill studies cover different system boundaries.", "Source rounding, nonresponse and expansion choices matter.", "No current 2026 pallet recycling measurement is asserted.", "No pallet-weight assumption is used.", "95.2% SWACO derived ratio has no calculated confidence interval.", "No statewide or county recycling ranking is supported." ], "canonical_url": "https://toledodockdoorrepair.com/research/pallet-recycling-statistics/", "publication_status": "Production files prepared; deployment to the website is not asserted.", "value_operator_legend": { "=": "Numeric value as reported or calculated; this does not imply measurement certainty.", "<": "Strict upper bound; not an exact value." }, "record_type_legend": { "original_calculation_from_published_estimates": "See the record qualification for estimate, rounding and scope details.", "source_reported_estimate": "See the record qualification for estimate, rounding and scope details.", "source_reported_sample_count": "Sample count reported in the source, not an expanded population estimate." }, "records": [ { "record_id": "production-2016-new_million", "series": "US wooden pallet output", "metric": "new_million", "value": 513, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "million_pallets", "observation_period": "2016", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Annual industry output category; not unique cohort", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S07", "source_url": "https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/investigation-of-new-and-recovered-wood-shipping-platforms-in-the-united-states/", "source_locator": "Abstract and conclusions, 2016 production estimates", "source_publication_date": "2020-03-06", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Survey-expanded annual estimate, not a census or unique-pallet cohort." }, { "record_id": "production-2016-repaired_remanufactured_million", "series": "US wooden pallet output", "metric": "repaired_remanufactured_million", "value": 326, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "million_pallets", "observation_period": "2016", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Annual industry output category; not unique cohort", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S07", "source_url": "https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/investigation-of-new-and-recovered-wood-shipping-platforms-in-the-united-states/", "source_locator": "Abstract and conclusions, 2016 production estimates", "source_publication_date": "2020-03-06", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Survey-expanded annual estimate, not a census or unique-pallet cohort. Original category: recycled/repaired or remanufactured pallets." }, { "record_id": "production-2019-new_million", "series": "US wooden pallet output", "metric": "new_million", "value": 748, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "million_pallets", "observation_period": "2019", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Annual industry output category; not unique cohort", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S01", "source_url": "https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/investigation-of-the-status-of-the-wooden-pallet-market-during-the-covd-19-pandemic/", "source_locator": "Table 2, printed p. 3054", "source_publication_date": "2025-03-05", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Survey-expanded annual estimate, not a census or unique-pallet cohort." }, { "record_id": "production-2019-repaired_remanufactured_million", "series": "US wooden pallet output", "metric": "repaired_remanufactured_million", "value": 223, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "million_pallets", "observation_period": "2019", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Annual industry output category; not unique cohort", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S01", "source_url": "https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/investigation-of-the-status-of-the-wooden-pallet-market-during-the-covd-19-pandemic/", "source_locator": "Table 2, printed p. 3054", "source_publication_date": "2025-03-05", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Survey-expanded annual estimate, not a census or unique-pallet cohort." }, { "record_id": "production-2020-new_million", "series": "US wooden pallet output", "metric": "new_million", "value": 880, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "million_pallets", "observation_period": "2020", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Annual industry output category; not unique cohort", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S01", "source_url": "https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/investigation-of-the-status-of-the-wooden-pallet-market-during-the-covd-19-pandemic/", "source_locator": "Table 2, printed p. 3054", "source_publication_date": "2025-03-05", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Survey-expanded annual estimate, not a census or unique-pallet cohort." }, { "record_id": "production-2020-repaired_remanufactured_million", "series": "US wooden pallet output", "metric": "repaired_remanufactured_million", "value": 237, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "million_pallets", "observation_period": "2020", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Annual industry output category; not unique cohort", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S01", "source_url": "https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/investigation-of-the-status-of-the-wooden-pallet-market-during-the-covd-19-pandemic/", "source_locator": "Table 2, printed p. 3054", "source_publication_date": "2025-03-05", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Survey-expanded annual estimate, not a census or unique-pallet cohort." }, { "record_id": "production-2021-new_million", "series": "US wooden pallet output", "metric": "new_million", "value": 919, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "million_pallets", "observation_period": "2021", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Annual industry output category; not unique cohort", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S01", "source_url": "https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/investigation-of-the-status-of-the-wooden-pallet-market-during-the-covd-19-pandemic/", "source_locator": "Table 2, printed p. 3054", "source_publication_date": "2025-03-05", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Survey-expanded annual estimate, not a census or unique-pallet cohort." }, { "record_id": "production-2021-repaired_remanufactured_million", "series": "US wooden pallet output", "metric": "repaired_remanufactured_million", "value": 280, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "million_pallets", "observation_period": "2021", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Annual industry output category; not unique cohort", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S01", "source_url": "https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/investigation-of-the-status-of-the-wooden-pallet-market-during-the-covd-19-pandemic/", "source_locator": "Table 2, printed p. 3054", "source_publication_date": "2025-03-05", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Survey-expanded annual estimate, not a census or unique-pallet cohort." }, { "record_id": "core-fate-2021-1", "series": "Incoming recovered-core pathways", "metric": "Reused without repair", "value": 5, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "percent", "observation_period": "2021", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Incoming used/broken cores recovered by surveyed industry", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S01", "source_url": "https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/investigation-of-the-status-of-the-wooden-pallet-market-during-the-covd-19-pandemic/", "source_locator": "Table 4, printed p. 3058; accompanying text p. 3057; appendix, Proportion of What Was Done With Received Pallet Cores", "source_publication_date": "2025-03-05", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Rounded source shares; the landfill value uses value_operator < to preserve a strict upper bound. Not all pallets manufactured." }, { "record_id": "core-fate-2021-2", "series": "Incoming recovered-core pathways", "metric": "Repaired", "value": 78, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "percent", "observation_period": "2021", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Incoming used/broken cores recovered by surveyed industry", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S01", "source_url": "https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/investigation-of-the-status-of-the-wooden-pallet-market-during-the-covd-19-pandemic/", "source_locator": "Table 4, printed p. 3058; accompanying text p. 3057; appendix, Proportion of What Was Done With Received Pallet Cores", "source_publication_date": "2025-03-05", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Rounded source shares; the landfill value uses value_operator < to preserve a strict upper bound. Not all pallets manufactured." }, { "record_id": "core-fate-2021-3", "series": "Incoming recovered-core pathways", "metric": "Disassembled for remanufacture", "value": 11, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "percent", "observation_period": "2021", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Incoming used/broken cores recovered by surveyed industry", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S01", "source_url": "https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/investigation-of-the-status-of-the-wooden-pallet-market-during-the-covd-19-pandemic/", "source_locator": "Table 4, printed p. 3058; accompanying text p. 3057; appendix, Proportion of What Was Done With Received Pallet Cores", "source_publication_date": "2025-03-05", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Rounded source shares; the landfill value uses value_operator < to preserve a strict upper bound. Not all pallets manufactured." }, { "record_id": "core-fate-2021-4", "series": "Incoming recovered-core pathways", "metric": "Ground or chipped", "value": 5, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "percent", "observation_period": "2021", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Incoming used/broken cores recovered by surveyed industry", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S01", "source_url": "https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/investigation-of-the-status-of-the-wooden-pallet-market-during-the-covd-19-pandemic/", "source_locator": "Table 4, printed p. 3058; accompanying text p. 3057; appendix, Proportion of What Was Done With Received Pallet Cores", "source_publication_date": "2025-03-05", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Rounded source shares; the landfill value uses value_operator < to preserve a strict upper bound. Not all pallets manufactured." }, { "record_id": "core-fate-2021-5", "series": "Incoming recovered-core pathways", "metric": "Landfilled", "value": 1, "value_operator": "<", "unit": "percent", "observation_period": "2021", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Incoming used/broken cores recovered by surveyed industry", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S01", "source_url": "https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/investigation-of-the-status-of-the-wooden-pallet-market-during-the-covd-19-pandemic/", "source_locator": "Table 4, printed p. 3058; accompanying text p. 3057; appendix, Proportion of What Was Done With Received Pallet Cores", "source_publication_date": "2025-03-05", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Rounded source shares; the landfill value uses value_operator < to preserve a strict upper bound. Not all pallets manufactured." }, { "record_id": "core-fate-2021-6", "series": "Incoming recovered-core pathways", "metric": "Other", "value": 1, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "percent", "observation_period": "2021", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Incoming used/broken cores recovered by surveyed industry", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S01", "source_url": "https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/investigation-of-the-status-of-the-wooden-pallet-market-during-the-covd-19-pandemic/", "source_locator": "Table 4, printed p. 3058; accompanying text p. 3057; appendix, Proportion of What Was Done With Received Pallet Cores", "source_publication_date": "2025-03-05", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Rounded source shares; the landfill value uses value_operator < to preserve a strict upper bound. Not all pallets manufactured." }, { "record_id": "epa_wood-2010-generated", "series": "All wood in MSW", "metric": "generated", "value": 15710, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2010", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "All wood in MSW", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S03", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/wood-material-specific-data", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_wood-2010-recycled", "series": "All wood in MSW", "metric": "recycled", "value": 2280, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2010", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "All wood in MSW", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S03", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/wood-material-specific-data", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_wood-2010-energy_recovery", "series": "All wood in MSW", "metric": "energy_recovery", "value": 2310, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2010", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "All wood in MSW", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S03", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/wood-material-specific-data", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_wood-2010-landfilled", "series": "All wood in MSW", "metric": "landfilled", "value": 11120, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2010", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "All wood in MSW", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S03", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/wood-material-specific-data", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_wood-2015-generated", "series": "All wood in MSW", "metric": "generated", "value": 16300, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2015", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "All wood in MSW", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S03", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/wood-material-specific-data", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_wood-2015-recycled", "series": "All wood in MSW", "metric": "recycled", "value": 2660, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2015", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "All wood in MSW", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S03", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/wood-material-specific-data", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_wood-2015-energy_recovery", "series": "All wood in MSW", "metric": "energy_recovery", "value": 2570, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2015", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "All wood in MSW", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S03", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/wood-material-specific-data", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_wood-2015-landfilled", "series": "All wood in MSW", "metric": "landfilled", "value": 11070, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2015", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "All wood in MSW", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S03", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/wood-material-specific-data", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_wood-2017-generated", "series": "All wood in MSW", "metric": "generated", "value": 18200, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2017", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "All wood in MSW", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S03", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/wood-material-specific-data", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_wood-2017-recycled", "series": "All wood in MSW", "metric": "recycled", "value": 3030, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2017", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "All wood in MSW", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S03", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/wood-material-specific-data", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_wood-2017-energy_recovery", "series": "All wood in MSW", "metric": "energy_recovery", "value": 2880, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2017", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "All wood in MSW", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S03", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/wood-material-specific-data", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_wood-2017-landfilled", "series": "All wood in MSW", "metric": "landfilled", "value": 12290, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2017", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "All wood in MSW", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S03", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/wood-material-specific-data", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_wood-2018-generated", "series": "All wood in MSW", "metric": "generated", "value": 18090, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2018", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "All wood in MSW", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S03", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/wood-material-specific-data", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_wood-2018-recycled", "series": "All wood in MSW", "metric": "recycled", "value": 3100, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2018", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "All wood in MSW", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S03", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/wood-material-specific-data", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_wood-2018-energy_recovery", "series": "All wood in MSW", "metric": "energy_recovery", "value": 2840, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2018", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "All wood in MSW", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S03", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/wood-material-specific-data", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_wood-2018-landfilled", "series": "All wood in MSW", "metric": "landfilled", "value": 12150, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2018", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "All wood in MSW", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S03", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/wood-material-specific-data", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_packaging-2010-generated", "series": "Wood containers and packaging", "metric": "generated", "value": 9770, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2010", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Wood containers and packaging", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S04", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/containers-and-packaging-product-specific", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_packaging-2010-recycled", "series": "Wood containers and packaging", "metric": "recycled", "value": 2280, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2010", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Wood containers and packaging", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S04", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/containers-and-packaging-product-specific", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_packaging-2010-energy_recovery", "series": "Wood containers and packaging", "metric": "energy_recovery", "value": 1330, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2010", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Wood containers and packaging", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S04", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/containers-and-packaging-product-specific", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_packaging-2010-landfilled", "series": "Wood containers and packaging", "metric": "landfilled", "value": 6160, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2010", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Wood containers and packaging", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S04", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/containers-and-packaging-product-specific", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_packaging-2015-generated", "series": "Wood containers and packaging", "metric": "generated", "value": 9770, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2015", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Wood containers and packaging", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S04", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/containers-and-packaging-product-specific", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_packaging-2015-recycled", "series": "Wood containers and packaging", "metric": "recycled", "value": 2660, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2015", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Wood containers and packaging", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S04", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/containers-and-packaging-product-specific", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_packaging-2015-energy_recovery", "series": "Wood containers and packaging", "metric": "energy_recovery", "value": 1390, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2015", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Wood containers and packaging", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S04", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/containers-and-packaging-product-specific", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_packaging-2015-landfilled", "series": "Wood containers and packaging", "metric": "landfilled", "value": 5720, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2015", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Wood containers and packaging", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S04", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/containers-and-packaging-product-specific", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_packaging-2017-generated", "series": "Wood containers and packaging", "metric": "generated", "value": 11560, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2017", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Wood containers and packaging", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S04", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/containers-and-packaging-product-specific", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_packaging-2017-recycled", "series": "Wood containers and packaging", "metric": "recycled", "value": 3030, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2017", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Wood containers and packaging", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S04", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/containers-and-packaging-product-specific", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_packaging-2017-energy_recovery", "series": "Wood containers and packaging", "metric": "energy_recovery", "value": 1670, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2017", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Wood containers and packaging", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S04", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/containers-and-packaging-product-specific", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_packaging-2017-landfilled", "series": "Wood containers and packaging", "metric": "landfilled", "value": 6860, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2017", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Wood containers and packaging", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S04", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/containers-and-packaging-product-specific", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_packaging-2018-generated", "series": "Wood containers and packaging", "metric": "generated", "value": 11530, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2018", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Wood containers and packaging", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S04", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/containers-and-packaging-product-specific", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_packaging-2018-recycled", "series": "Wood containers and packaging", "metric": "recycled", "value": 3100, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2018", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Wood containers and packaging", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S04", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/containers-and-packaging-product-specific", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_packaging-2018-energy_recovery", "series": "Wood containers and packaging", "metric": "energy_recovery", "value": 1650, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2018", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Wood containers and packaging", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S04", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/containers-and-packaging-product-specific", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "epa_packaging-2018-landfilled", "series": "Wood containers and packaging", "metric": "landfilled", "value": 6780, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "thousand_US_short_tons", "observation_period": "2018", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Wood containers and packaging", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S04", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/containers-and-packaging-product-specific", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Not a pallet-only category; do not add these overlapping series." }, { "record_id": "landfill-facility-based-msw-landfilled", "series": "2021 landfill survey expansion", "metric": "landfilled", "value": 13415855, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "estimated_pallets", "observation_period": "2021", "geography": "Continental United States survey scope; national expansion as reported", "population_or_denominator": "MSW facilities, Facility-based expansion", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S02", "source_url": "https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/1f33b547-77f3-4695-b935-052c6d10b11d/content", "source_locator": "Table 23", "source_publication_date": "2024-05-07", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Method scenarios are not confidence bounds. C&D source survey includes pallet/crate grouping in some inputs." }, { "record_id": "landfill-facility-based-msw-recovered", "series": "2021 landfill survey expansion", "metric": "recovered", "value": 18914897, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "estimated_pallets", "observation_period": "2021", "geography": "Continental United States survey scope; national expansion as reported", "population_or_denominator": "MSW facilities, Facility-based expansion", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S02", "source_url": "https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/1f33b547-77f3-4695-b935-052c6d10b11d/content", "source_locator": "Table 23", "source_publication_date": "2024-05-07", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Method scenarios are not confidence bounds. C&D source survey includes pallet/crate grouping in some inputs." }, { "record_id": "landfill-facility-based-candd-landfilled", "series": "2021 landfill survey expansion", "metric": "landfilled", "value": 26721561, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "estimated_pallets", "observation_period": "2021", "geography": "Continental United States survey scope; national expansion as reported", "population_or_denominator": "C&D facilities, Facility-based expansion", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S02", "source_url": "https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/1f33b547-77f3-4695-b935-052c6d10b11d/content", "source_locator": "Table 23", "source_publication_date": "2024-05-07", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Method scenarios are not confidence bounds. C&D source survey includes pallet/crate grouping in some inputs." }, { "record_id": "landfill-facility-based-candd-recovered", "series": "2021 landfill survey expansion", "metric": "recovered", "value": 17789318, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "estimated_pallets", "observation_period": "2021", "geography": "Continental United States survey scope; national expansion as reported", "population_or_denominator": "C&D facilities, Facility-based expansion", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S02", "source_url": "https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/1f33b547-77f3-4695-b935-052c6d10b11d/content", "source_locator": "Table 23", "source_publication_date": "2024-05-07", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Method scenarios are not confidence bounds. C&D source survey includes pallet/crate grouping in some inputs." }, { "record_id": "landfill-population-based-msw-landfilled", "series": "2021 landfill survey expansion", "metric": "landfilled", "value": 8533761, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "estimated_pallets", "observation_period": "2021", "geography": "Continental United States survey scope; national expansion as reported", "population_or_denominator": "MSW facilities, Population-based expansion", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S02", "source_url": "https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/1f33b547-77f3-4695-b935-052c6d10b11d/content", "source_locator": "Table 24", "source_publication_date": "2024-05-07", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Method scenarios are not confidence bounds. C&D source survey includes pallet/crate grouping in some inputs." }, { "record_id": "landfill-population-based-msw-recovered", "series": "2021 landfill survey expansion", "metric": "recovered", "value": 13031421, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "estimated_pallets", "observation_period": "2021", "geography": "Continental United States survey scope; national expansion as reported", "population_or_denominator": "MSW facilities, Population-based expansion", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S02", "source_url": "https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/1f33b547-77f3-4695-b935-052c6d10b11d/content", "source_locator": "Table 24", "source_publication_date": "2024-05-07", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Method scenarios are not confidence bounds. C&D source survey includes pallet/crate grouping in some inputs." }, { "record_id": "landfill-population-based-candd-landfilled", "series": "2021 landfill survey expansion", "metric": "landfilled", "value": 11345002, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "estimated_pallets", "observation_period": "2021", "geography": "Continental United States survey scope; national expansion as reported", "population_or_denominator": "C&D facilities, Population-based expansion", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S02", "source_url": "https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/1f33b547-77f3-4695-b935-052c6d10b11d/content", "source_locator": "Table 24", "source_publication_date": "2024-05-07", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Method scenarios are not confidence bounds. C&D source survey includes pallet/crate grouping in some inputs." }, { "record_id": "landfill-population-based-candd-recovered", "series": "2021 landfill survey expansion", "metric": "recovered", "value": 7911971, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "estimated_pallets", "observation_period": "2021", "geography": "Continental United States survey scope; national expansion as reported", "population_or_denominator": "C&D facilities, Population-based expansion", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S02", "source_url": "https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/1f33b547-77f3-4695-b935-052c6d10b11d/content", "source_locator": "Table 24", "source_publication_date": "2024-05-07", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Method scenarios are not confidence bounds. C&D source survey includes pallet/crate grouping in some inputs." }, { "record_id": "swaco-overall-pallet_tons", "series": "SWACO pallet disposal composition", "metric": "pallet_tons", "value": 47082, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "tons_as_reported", "observation_period": "2018-19 sampling; 2018 annual tonnage basis", "geography": "Franklin County, Ohio (defined SWACO streams)", "population_or_denominator": "Overall disposed waste stream", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S05", "source_url": "https://www.swaco.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/SWACO-WCS_Final-Report_2018-19.pdf", "source_locator": "Table 18", "source_publication_date": "2019-11", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Untreated whole/broken wood pallets. CI half-width applies to estimated material share only, not the derived commercial ratio. No metric/short-ton conversion assumed." }, { "record_id": "swaco-overall-pallet_share_pct", "series": "SWACO pallet disposal composition", "metric": "pallet_share_pct", "value": 4.1, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "percent", "observation_period": "2018-19 sampling; 2018 annual tonnage basis", "geography": "Franklin County, Ohio (defined SWACO streams)", "population_or_denominator": "Overall disposed waste stream", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S05", "source_url": "https://www.swaco.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/SWACO-WCS_Final-Report_2018-19.pdf", "source_locator": "Table 18", "source_publication_date": "2019-11", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Untreated whole/broken wood pallets. CI half-width applies to estimated material share only, not the derived commercial ratio. No metric/short-ton conversion assumed." }, { "record_id": "swaco-overall-ci90_halfwidth_pp", "series": "SWACO pallet disposal composition", "metric": "ci90_halfwidth_pp", "value": 1.5, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "percentage_points", "observation_period": "2018-19 sampling; 2018 annual tonnage basis", "geography": "Franklin County, Ohio (defined SWACO streams)", "population_or_denominator": "Overall disposed waste stream", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S05", "source_url": "https://www.swaco.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/SWACO-WCS_Final-Report_2018-19.pdf", "source_locator": "Table 18", "source_publication_date": "2019-11", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Untreated whole/broken wood pallets. CI half-width applies to estimated material share only, not the derived commercial ratio. No metric/short-ton conversion assumed." }, { "record_id": "swaco-overall-stream_tons", "series": "SWACO pallet disposal composition", "metric": "stream_tons", "value": 1149278, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "tons_as_reported", "observation_period": "2018-19 sampling; 2018 annual tonnage basis", "geography": "Franklin County, Ohio (defined SWACO streams)", "population_or_denominator": "Overall disposed waste stream", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S05", "source_url": "https://www.swaco.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/SWACO-WCS_Final-Report_2018-19.pdf", "source_locator": "Table 18", "source_publication_date": "2019-11", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Untreated whole/broken wood pallets. CI half-width applies to estimated material share only, not the derived commercial ratio. No metric/short-ton conversion assumed." }, { "record_id": "swaco-overall-samples", "series": "SWACO pallet disposal composition", "metric": "samples", "value": 180, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "samples", "observation_period": "2018-19 sampling; 2018 annual tonnage basis", "geography": "Franklin County, Ohio (defined SWACO streams)", "population_or_denominator": "Overall disposed waste stream", "record_type": "source_reported_sample_count", "source_ids": "S05", "source_url": "https://www.swaco.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/SWACO-WCS_Final-Report_2018-19.pdf", "source_locator": "Table 18", "source_publication_date": "2019-11", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Untreated whole/broken wood pallets. CI half-width applies to estimated material share only, not the derived commercial ratio. No metric/short-ton conversion assumed." }, { "record_id": "swaco-commercial-pallet_tons", "series": "SWACO pallet disposal composition", "metric": "pallet_tons", "value": 44810, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "tons_as_reported", "observation_period": "2018-19 sampling; 2018 annual tonnage basis", "geography": "Franklin County, Ohio (defined SWACO streams)", "population_or_denominator": "Commercial disposed waste stream", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S05", "source_url": "https://www.swaco.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/SWACO-WCS_Final-Report_2018-19.pdf", "source_locator": "Table 19", "source_publication_date": "2019-11", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Untreated whole/broken wood pallets. CI half-width applies to estimated material share only, not the derived commercial ratio. No metric/short-ton conversion assumed." }, { "record_id": "swaco-commercial-pallet_share_pct", "series": "SWACO pallet disposal composition", "metric": "pallet_share_pct", "value": 6.5, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "percent", "observation_period": "2018-19 sampling; 2018 annual tonnage basis", "geography": "Franklin County, Ohio (defined SWACO streams)", "population_or_denominator": "Commercial disposed waste stream", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S05", "source_url": "https://www.swaco.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/SWACO-WCS_Final-Report_2018-19.pdf", "source_locator": "Table 19", "source_publication_date": "2019-11", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Untreated whole/broken wood pallets. CI half-width applies to estimated material share only, not the derived commercial ratio. No metric/short-ton conversion assumed." }, { "record_id": "swaco-commercial-ci90_halfwidth_pp", "series": "SWACO pallet disposal composition", "metric": "ci90_halfwidth_pp", "value": 2.5, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "percentage_points", "observation_period": "2018-19 sampling; 2018 annual tonnage basis", "geography": "Franklin County, Ohio (defined SWACO streams)", "population_or_denominator": "Commercial disposed waste stream", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S05", "source_url": "https://www.swaco.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/SWACO-WCS_Final-Report_2018-19.pdf", "source_locator": "Table 19", "source_publication_date": "2019-11", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Untreated whole/broken wood pallets. CI half-width applies to estimated material share only, not the derived commercial ratio. No metric/short-ton conversion assumed." }, { "record_id": "swaco-commercial-stream_tons", "series": "SWACO pallet disposal composition", "metric": "stream_tons", "value": 691378, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "tons_as_reported", "observation_period": "2018-19 sampling; 2018 annual tonnage basis", "geography": "Franklin County, Ohio (defined SWACO streams)", "population_or_denominator": "Commercial disposed waste stream", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S05", "source_url": "https://www.swaco.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/SWACO-WCS_Final-Report_2018-19.pdf", "source_locator": "Table 19", "source_publication_date": "2019-11", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Untreated whole/broken wood pallets. CI half-width applies to estimated material share only, not the derived commercial ratio. No metric/short-ton conversion assumed." }, { "record_id": "swaco-commercial-samples", "series": "SWACO pallet disposal composition", "metric": "samples", "value": 100, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "samples", "observation_period": "2018-19 sampling; 2018 annual tonnage basis", "geography": "Franklin County, Ohio (defined SWACO streams)", "population_or_denominator": "Commercial disposed waste stream", "record_type": "source_reported_sample_count", "source_ids": "S05", "source_url": "https://www.swaco.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/SWACO-WCS_Final-Report_2018-19.pdf", "source_locator": "Table 19", "source_publication_date": "2019-11", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Untreated whole/broken wood pallets. CI half-width applies to estimated material share only, not the derived commercial ratio. No metric/short-ton conversion assumed." }, { "record_id": "swaco-residential-pallet_tons", "series": "SWACO pallet disposal composition", "metric": "pallet_tons", "value": 2272, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "tons_as_reported", "observation_period": "2018-19 sampling; 2018 annual tonnage basis", "geography": "Franklin County, Ohio (defined SWACO streams)", "population_or_denominator": "Residential disposed waste stream", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S05", "source_url": "https://www.swaco.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/SWACO-WCS_Final-Report_2018-19.pdf", "source_locator": "Table 20", "source_publication_date": "2019-11", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Untreated whole/broken wood pallets. CI half-width applies to estimated material share only, not the derived commercial ratio. No metric/short-ton conversion assumed." }, { "record_id": "swaco-residential-pallet_share_pct", "series": "SWACO pallet disposal composition", "metric": "pallet_share_pct", "value": 0.5, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "percent", "observation_period": "2018-19 sampling; 2018 annual tonnage basis", "geography": "Franklin County, Ohio (defined SWACO streams)", "population_or_denominator": "Residential disposed waste stream", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S05", "source_url": "https://www.swaco.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/SWACO-WCS_Final-Report_2018-19.pdf", "source_locator": "Table 20", "source_publication_date": "2019-11", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Untreated whole/broken wood pallets. CI half-width applies to estimated material share only, not the derived commercial ratio. No metric/short-ton conversion assumed." }, { "record_id": "swaco-residential-ci90_halfwidth_pp", "series": "SWACO pallet disposal composition", "metric": "ci90_halfwidth_pp", "value": 0.4, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "percentage_points", "observation_period": "2018-19 sampling; 2018 annual tonnage basis", "geography": "Franklin County, Ohio (defined SWACO streams)", "population_or_denominator": "Residential disposed waste stream", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S05", "source_url": "https://www.swaco.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/SWACO-WCS_Final-Report_2018-19.pdf", "source_locator": "Table 20", "source_publication_date": "2019-11", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Untreated whole/broken wood pallets. CI half-width applies to estimated material share only, not the derived commercial ratio. No metric/short-ton conversion assumed." }, { "record_id": "swaco-residential-stream_tons", "series": "SWACO pallet disposal composition", "metric": "stream_tons", "value": 457900, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "tons_as_reported", "observation_period": "2018-19 sampling; 2018 annual tonnage basis", "geography": "Franklin County, Ohio (defined SWACO streams)", "population_or_denominator": "Residential disposed waste stream", "record_type": "source_reported_estimate", "source_ids": "S05", "source_url": "https://www.swaco.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/SWACO-WCS_Final-Report_2018-19.pdf", "source_locator": "Table 20", "source_publication_date": "2019-11", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Untreated whole/broken wood pallets. CI half-width applies to estimated material share only, not the derived commercial ratio. No metric/short-ton conversion assumed." }, { "record_id": "swaco-residential-samples", "series": "SWACO pallet disposal composition", "metric": "samples", "value": 80, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "samples", "observation_period": "2018-19 sampling; 2018 annual tonnage basis", "geography": "Franklin County, Ohio (defined SWACO streams)", "population_or_denominator": "Residential disposed waste stream", "record_type": "source_reported_sample_count", "source_ids": "S05", "source_url": "https://www.swaco.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/SWACO-WCS_Final-Report_2018-19.pdf", "source_locator": "Table 20", "source_publication_date": "2019-11", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "", "input_record_ids": "", "qualification": "Untreated whole/broken wood pallets. CI half-width applies to estimated material share only, not the derived commercial ratio. No metric/short-ton conversion assumed." }, { "record_id": "output-combined-2016", "series": "Derived cross-source reference", "metric": "Combined new plus repaired/remanufactured annual output", "value": 839, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "million_pallets", "observation_period": "2016", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Annual new plus repaired/remanufactured output categories", "record_type": "original_calculation_from_published_estimates", "source_ids": "S07", "source_url": "https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/investigation-of-new-and-recovered-wood-shipping-platforms-in-the-united-states/", "source_locator": "Abstract and conclusions, 2016 production estimates", "source_publication_date": "2020-03-06", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "513 + 326", "input_record_ids": "production-2016-new_million;production-2016-repaired_remanufactured_million", "qualification": "Sum of rounded survey-expanded estimates, not distinct pallets over their service lives. The 2016 used category follows its original source label." }, { "record_id": "output-share-2016", "series": "Derived cross-source reference", "metric": "Repair/remanufacturing share of new plus used output", "value": 38.85578069129917, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "percent", "observation_period": "2016", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Estimated annual new plus repaired/remanufactured output", "record_type": "original_calculation_from_published_estimates", "source_ids": "S07", "source_url": "https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/investigation-of-new-and-recovered-wood-shipping-platforms-in-the-united-states/", "source_locator": "Abstract and conclusions, 2016 production estimates", "source_publication_date": "2020-03-06", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "100 * 326 / 839", "input_record_ids": "production-2016-repaired_remanufactured_million;output-combined-2016", "qualification": "Output-category share, not an end-of-life recycling rate. The 2016 used category is recycled/repaired or remanufactured." }, { "record_id": "output-combined-2019", "series": "Derived cross-source reference", "metric": "Combined new plus repaired/remanufactured annual output", "value": 971, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "million_pallets", "observation_period": "2019", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Annual new plus repaired/remanufactured output categories", "record_type": "original_calculation_from_published_estimates", "source_ids": "S01", "source_url": "https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/investigation-of-the-status-of-the-wooden-pallet-market-during-the-covd-19-pandemic/", "source_locator": "Table 2, printed p. 3054", "source_publication_date": "2025-03-05", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "748 + 223", "input_record_ids": "production-2019-new_million;production-2019-repaired_remanufactured_million", "qualification": "Sum of rounded survey-expanded estimates, not distinct pallets over their service lives. The 2016 used category follows its original source label." }, { "record_id": "output-share-2019", "series": "Derived cross-source reference", "metric": "Repair/remanufacturing share of new plus used output", "value": 22.966014418125642, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "percent", "observation_period": "2019", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Estimated annual new plus repaired/remanufactured output", "record_type": "original_calculation_from_published_estimates", "source_ids": "S01", "source_url": "https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/investigation-of-the-status-of-the-wooden-pallet-market-during-the-covd-19-pandemic/", "source_locator": "Table 2, printed p. 3054", "source_publication_date": "2025-03-05", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "100 * 223 / 971", "input_record_ids": "production-2019-repaired_remanufactured_million;output-combined-2019", "qualification": "Output-category share, not an end-of-life recycling rate. The 2016 used category is recycled/repaired or remanufactured." }, { "record_id": "output-combined-2020", "series": "Derived cross-source reference", "metric": "Combined new plus repaired/remanufactured annual output", "value": 1117, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "million_pallets", "observation_period": "2020", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Annual new plus repaired/remanufactured output categories", "record_type": "original_calculation_from_published_estimates", "source_ids": "S01", "source_url": "https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/investigation-of-the-status-of-the-wooden-pallet-market-during-the-covd-19-pandemic/", "source_locator": "Table 2, printed p. 3054", "source_publication_date": "2025-03-05", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "880 + 237", "input_record_ids": "production-2020-new_million;production-2020-repaired_remanufactured_million", "qualification": "Sum of rounded survey-expanded estimates, not distinct pallets over their service lives. The 2016 used category follows its original source label." }, { "record_id": "output-share-2020", "series": "Derived cross-source reference", "metric": "Repair/remanufacturing share of new plus used output", "value": 21.217547000895255, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "percent", "observation_period": "2020", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Estimated annual new plus repaired/remanufactured output", "record_type": "original_calculation_from_published_estimates", "source_ids": "S01", "source_url": "https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/investigation-of-the-status-of-the-wooden-pallet-market-during-the-covd-19-pandemic/", "source_locator": "Table 2, printed p. 3054", "source_publication_date": "2025-03-05", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "100 * 237 / 1117", "input_record_ids": "production-2020-repaired_remanufactured_million;output-combined-2020", "qualification": "Output-category share, not an end-of-life recycling rate. The 2016 used category is recycled/repaired or remanufactured." }, { "record_id": "output-combined-2021", "series": "Derived cross-source reference", "metric": "Combined new plus repaired/remanufactured annual output", "value": 1199, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "million_pallets", "observation_period": "2021", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Annual new plus repaired/remanufactured output categories", "record_type": "original_calculation_from_published_estimates", "source_ids": "S01", "source_url": "https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/investigation-of-the-status-of-the-wooden-pallet-market-during-the-covd-19-pandemic/", "source_locator": "Table 2, printed p. 3054", "source_publication_date": "2025-03-05", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "919 + 280", "input_record_ids": "production-2021-new_million;production-2021-repaired_remanufactured_million", "qualification": "Sum of rounded survey-expanded estimates, not distinct pallets over their service lives. The 2016 used category follows its original source label." }, { "record_id": "output-share-2021", "series": "Derived cross-source reference", "metric": "Repair/remanufacturing share of new plus used output", "value": 23.352793994995828, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "percent", "observation_period": "2021", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Estimated annual new plus repaired/remanufactured output", "record_type": "original_calculation_from_published_estimates", "source_ids": "S01", "source_url": "https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/investigation-of-the-status-of-the-wooden-pallet-market-during-the-covd-19-pandemic/", "source_locator": "Table 2, printed p. 3054", "source_publication_date": "2025-03-05", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "100 * 280 / 1199", "input_record_ids": "production-2021-repaired_remanufactured_million;output-combined-2021", "qualification": "Output-category share, not an end-of-life recycling rate. The 2016 used category is recycled/repaired or remanufactured." }, { "record_id": "core-retained-pathways-2021", "series": "Derived cross-source reference", "metric": "Reused, repaired or disassembled for remanufacture share of incoming cores", "value": 94, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "percent", "observation_period": "2021", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Incoming recovered pallet cores represented in the source responses", "record_type": "original_calculation_from_published_estimates", "source_ids": "S01", "source_url": "https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/investigation-of-the-status-of-the-wooden-pallet-market-during-the-covd-19-pandemic/", "source_locator": "Table 4, printed p. 3058; accompanying text p. 3057; appendix, Proportion of What Was Done With Received Pallet Cores", "source_publication_date": "2025-03-05", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "5 + 78 + 11", "input_record_ids": "core-fate-2021-1;core-fate-2021-2;core-fate-2021-3", "qualification": "Approximate sum of rounded source percentages, not an all-pallet recycling rate or proof every component was reused." }, { "record_id": "epa-wood-rate-2010", "series": "Derived cross-source reference", "metric": "All wood in MSW recycling share by weight", "value": 14.513049013367281, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "percent", "observation_period": "2010", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Generated waste mass in EPA category: All wood in MSW", "record_type": "original_calculation_from_published_estimates", "source_ids": "S03", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/wood-material-specific-data", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "100 * 2280 / 15710", "input_record_ids": "epa_wood-2010-recycled;epa_wood-2010-generated", "qualification": "Calculated from thousands of U.S. short tons. Category is not pallet-only. Energy recovery excluded from recycled numerator." }, { "record_id": "epa-wood-rate-2015", "series": "Derived cross-source reference", "metric": "All wood in MSW recycling share by weight", "value": 16.319018404907975, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "percent", "observation_period": "2015", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Generated waste mass in EPA category: All wood in MSW", "record_type": "original_calculation_from_published_estimates", "source_ids": "S03", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/wood-material-specific-data", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "100 * 2660 / 16300", "input_record_ids": "epa_wood-2015-recycled;epa_wood-2015-generated", "qualification": "Calculated from thousands of U.S. short tons. Category is not pallet-only. Energy recovery excluded from recycled numerator." }, { "record_id": "epa-wood-rate-2017", "series": "Derived cross-source reference", "metric": "All wood in MSW recycling share by weight", "value": 16.64835164835165, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "percent", "observation_period": "2017", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Generated waste mass in EPA category: All wood in MSW", "record_type": "original_calculation_from_published_estimates", "source_ids": "S03", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/wood-material-specific-data", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "100 * 3030 / 18200", "input_record_ids": "epa_wood-2017-recycled;epa_wood-2017-generated", "qualification": "Calculated from thousands of U.S. short tons. Category is not pallet-only. Energy recovery excluded from recycled numerator." }, { "record_id": "epa-wood-rate-2018", "series": "Derived cross-source reference", "metric": "All wood in MSW recycling share by weight", "value": 17.136539524599225, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "percent", "observation_period": "2018", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Generated waste mass in EPA category: All wood in MSW", "record_type": "original_calculation_from_published_estimates", "source_ids": "S03", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/wood-material-specific-data", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "100 * 3100 / 18090", "input_record_ids": "epa_wood-2018-recycled;epa_wood-2018-generated", "qualification": "Calculated from thousands of U.S. short tons. Category is not pallet-only. Energy recovery excluded from recycled numerator." }, { "record_id": "epa-packaging-rate-2010", "series": "Derived cross-source reference", "metric": "Wood containers and packaging recycling share by weight", "value": 23.336745138178095, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "percent", "observation_period": "2010", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Generated waste mass in EPA category: Wood containers and packaging", "record_type": "original_calculation_from_published_estimates", "source_ids": "S04", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/containers-and-packaging-product-specific", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "100 * 2280 / 9770", "input_record_ids": "epa_packaging-2010-recycled;epa_packaging-2010-generated", "qualification": "Calculated from thousands of U.S. short tons. Category is not pallet-only. Energy recovery excluded from recycled numerator." }, { "record_id": "epa-packaging-rate-2015", "series": "Derived cross-source reference", "metric": "Wood containers and packaging recycling share by weight", "value": 27.22620266120778, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "percent", "observation_period": "2015", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Generated waste mass in EPA category: Wood containers and packaging", "record_type": "original_calculation_from_published_estimates", "source_ids": "S04", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/containers-and-packaging-product-specific", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "100 * 2660 / 9770", "input_record_ids": "epa_packaging-2015-recycled;epa_packaging-2015-generated", "qualification": "Calculated from thousands of U.S. short tons. Category is not pallet-only. Energy recovery excluded from recycled numerator." }, { "record_id": "epa-packaging-rate-2017", "series": "Derived cross-source reference", "metric": "Wood containers and packaging recycling share by weight", "value": 26.21107266435986, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "percent", "observation_period": "2017", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Generated waste mass in EPA category: Wood containers and packaging", "record_type": "original_calculation_from_published_estimates", "source_ids": "S04", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/containers-and-packaging-product-specific", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "100 * 3030 / 11560", "input_record_ids": "epa_packaging-2017-recycled;epa_packaging-2017-generated", "qualification": "Calculated from thousands of U.S. short tons. Category is not pallet-only. Energy recovery excluded from recycled numerator." }, { "record_id": "epa-packaging-rate-2018", "series": "Derived cross-source reference", "metric": "Wood containers and packaging recycling share by weight", "value": 26.886383347788378, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "percent", "observation_period": "2018", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "Generated waste mass in EPA category: Wood containers and packaging", "record_type": "original_calculation_from_published_estimates", "source_ids": "S04", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/containers-and-packaging-product-specific", "source_locator": "Historical generation and management table", "source_publication_date": "", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "100 * 3100 / 11530", "input_record_ids": "epa_packaging-2018-recycled;epa_packaging-2018-generated", "qualification": "Calculated from thousands of U.S. short tons. Category is not pallet-only. Energy recovery excluded from recycled numerator." }, { "record_id": "landfill-facility-based-landfilled-2021", "series": "Derived cross-source reference", "metric": "Facility-based combined MSW and C&D landfilled", "value": 40137416, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "estimated_pallets", "observation_period": "2021", "geography": "Continental United States survey scope; national expansion as reported", "population_or_denominator": "MSW and C&D facility estimates under the same expansion method", "record_type": "original_calculation_from_published_estimates", "source_ids": "S02", "source_url": "https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/1f33b547-77f3-4695-b935-052c6d10b11d/content", "source_locator": "Table 23", "source_publication_date": "2024-05-07", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "13415855 + 26721561", "input_record_ids": "landfill-facility-based-msw-landfilled;landfill-facility-based-candd-landfilled", "qualification": "Alternative survey expansion, not a confidence limit. C&D inputs include pallets and crates; retain source estimates without census-level precision." }, { "record_id": "landfill-facility-based-recovered-2021", "series": "Derived cross-source reference", "metric": "Facility-based combined MSW and C&D recovered", "value": 36704215, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "estimated_pallets", "observation_period": "2021", "geography": "Continental United States survey scope; national expansion as reported", "population_or_denominator": "MSW and C&D facility estimates under the same expansion method", "record_type": "original_calculation_from_published_estimates", "source_ids": "S02", "source_url": "https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/1f33b547-77f3-4695-b935-052c6d10b11d/content", "source_locator": "Table 23", "source_publication_date": "2024-05-07", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "18914897 + 17789318", "input_record_ids": "landfill-facility-based-msw-recovered;landfill-facility-based-candd-recovered", "qualification": "Alternative survey expansion, not a confidence limit. C&D inputs include pallets and crates; retain source estimates without census-level precision." }, { "record_id": "landfill-facility-based-received-2021", "series": "Derived cross-source reference", "metric": "Facility-based sum of recovered and landfilled estimates", "value": 76841631, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "estimated_pallets", "observation_period": "2021", "geography": "Continental United States survey scope; national expansion as reported", "population_or_denominator": "Same-method recovered plus landfilled estimates", "record_type": "original_calculation_from_published_estimates", "source_ids": "S02", "source_url": "https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/1f33b547-77f3-4695-b935-052c6d10b11d/content", "source_locator": "Table 23", "source_publication_date": "2024-05-07", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "40137416 + 36704215", "input_record_ids": "landfill-facility-based-landfilled-2021;landfill-facility-based-recovered-2021", "qualification": "Sum of published table estimates, not an independently observed total. The facility-based table sum conflicts with nearby 60.8-million prose." }, { "record_id": "landfill-facility-based-recovery-share-2021", "series": "Derived cross-source reference", "metric": "Facility-based recovery share of recovered plus landfilled estimates", "value": 47.766054054734994, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "percent", "observation_period": "2021", "geography": "Continental United States survey scope; national expansion as reported", "population_or_denominator": "Same-method recovered plus landfilled estimates", "record_type": "original_calculation_from_published_estimates", "source_ids": "S02", "source_url": "https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/1f33b547-77f3-4695-b935-052c6d10b11d/content", "source_locator": "Table 23", "source_publication_date": "2024-05-07", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "100 * 36704215 / 76841631", "input_record_ids": "landfill-facility-based-recovered-2021;landfill-facility-based-received-2021", "qualification": "Conditional disposal-facility flow ratio, not all-industry recycling. Alternative methods are not confidence bounds; C&D inputs include pallets/crates." }, { "record_id": "landfill-population-based-landfilled-2021", "series": "Derived cross-source reference", "metric": "Population-based combined MSW and C&D landfilled", "value": 19878763, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "estimated_pallets", "observation_period": "2021", "geography": "Continental United States survey scope; national expansion as reported", "population_or_denominator": "MSW and C&D facility estimates under the same expansion method", "record_type": "original_calculation_from_published_estimates", "source_ids": "S02", "source_url": "https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/1f33b547-77f3-4695-b935-052c6d10b11d/content", "source_locator": "Table 24", "source_publication_date": "2024-05-07", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "8533761 + 11345002", "input_record_ids": "landfill-population-based-msw-landfilled;landfill-population-based-candd-landfilled", "qualification": "Alternative survey expansion, not a confidence limit. C&D inputs include pallets and crates; retain source estimates without census-level precision." }, { "record_id": "landfill-population-based-recovered-2021", "series": "Derived cross-source reference", "metric": "Population-based combined MSW and C&D recovered", "value": 20943392, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "estimated_pallets", "observation_period": "2021", "geography": "Continental United States survey scope; national expansion as reported", "population_or_denominator": "MSW and C&D facility estimates under the same expansion method", "record_type": "original_calculation_from_published_estimates", "source_ids": "S02", "source_url": "https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/1f33b547-77f3-4695-b935-052c6d10b11d/content", "source_locator": "Table 24", "source_publication_date": "2024-05-07", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "13031421 + 7911971", "input_record_ids": "landfill-population-based-msw-recovered;landfill-population-based-candd-recovered", "qualification": "Alternative survey expansion, not a confidence limit. C&D inputs include pallets and crates; retain source estimates without census-level precision." }, { "record_id": "landfill-population-based-received-2021", "series": "Derived cross-source reference", "metric": "Population-based sum of recovered and landfilled estimates", "value": 40822155, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "estimated_pallets", "observation_period": "2021", "geography": "Continental United States survey scope; national expansion as reported", "population_or_denominator": "Same-method recovered plus landfilled estimates", "record_type": "original_calculation_from_published_estimates", "source_ids": "S02", "source_url": "https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/1f33b547-77f3-4695-b935-052c6d10b11d/content", "source_locator": "Table 24", "source_publication_date": "2024-05-07", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "19878763 + 20943392", "input_record_ids": "landfill-population-based-landfilled-2021;landfill-population-based-recovered-2021", "qualification": "Sum of published table estimates, not an independently observed total. The facility-based table sum conflicts with nearby 60.8-million prose." }, { "record_id": "landfill-population-based-recovery-share-2021", "series": "Derived cross-source reference", "metric": "Population-based recovery share of recovered plus landfilled estimates", "value": 51.30398431929917, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "percent", "observation_period": "2021", "geography": "Continental United States survey scope; national expansion as reported", "population_or_denominator": "Same-method recovered plus landfilled estimates", "record_type": "original_calculation_from_published_estimates", "source_ids": "S02", "source_url": "https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/1f33b547-77f3-4695-b935-052c6d10b11d/content", "source_locator": "Table 24", "source_publication_date": "2024-05-07", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "100 * 20943392 / 40822155", "input_record_ids": "landfill-population-based-recovered-2021;landfill-population-based-received-2021", "qualification": "Conditional disposal-facility flow ratio, not all-industry recycling. Alternative methods are not confidence bounds; C&D inputs include pallets/crates." }, { "record_id": "swaco-commercial-share-2018-19", "series": "Derived cross-source reference", "metric": "Commercial share of SWACO study-estimated pallet disposal tonnage", "value": 95.17437661951489, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "percent", "observation_period": "2018–19 sampling; calendar-year 2018 annual-tonnage basis", "geography": "Franklin County, Ohio; defined SWACO commercial and residential disposal streams", "population_or_denominator": "Overall pallet-disposal tonnage in the defined SWACO study streams", "record_type": "original_calculation_from_published_estimates", "source_ids": "S05", "source_url": "https://www.swaco.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/SWACO-WCS_Final-Report_2018-19.pdf", "source_locator": "Table 19; Table 18", "source_publication_date": "2019-11", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "100 * 44810 / 47082", "input_record_ids": "swaco-commercial-pallet_tons;swaco-overall-pallet_tons", "qualification": "Ratio of point estimates, with no calculated confidence interval for the ratio. Not an Ohio statewide or Lucas County recycling rate." }, { "record_id": "change-2016-2021-new_million", "series": "Derived cross-source reference", "metric": "New output percentage change from published rounded table inputs", "value": 79.14230019493178, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "percent", "observation_period": "2016 to 2021", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "2016 output estimate as percentage-change base", "record_type": "original_calculation_from_published_estimates", "source_ids": "S07;S01", "source_url": "https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/investigation-of-new-and-recovered-wood-shipping-platforms-in-the-united-states/ | https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/investigation-of-the-status-of-the-wooden-pallet-market-during-the-covd-19-pandemic/", "source_locator": "Abstract and conclusions, 2016 production estimates; Table 2, printed p. 3054", "source_publication_date": "2020-03-06; 2025-03-05", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "100 * (919 - 513) / 513", "input_record_ids": "production-2016-new_million;production-2021-new_million", "qualification": "Our arithmetic, not an author-issued correction. Source narrative percentages differ. Survey estimates do not follow an unchanged panel of firms." }, { "record_id": "change-2016-2021-repaired_remanufactured_million", "series": "Derived cross-source reference", "metric": "Repaired/remanufactured output percentage change from published rounded table inputs", "value": -14.110429447852761, "value_operator": "=", "unit": "percent", "observation_period": "2016 to 2021", "geography": "United States", "population_or_denominator": "2016 output estimate as percentage-change base", "record_type": "original_calculation_from_published_estimates", "source_ids": "S07;S01", "source_url": "https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/investigation-of-new-and-recovered-wood-shipping-platforms-in-the-united-states/ | https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/investigation-of-the-status-of-the-wooden-pallet-market-during-the-covd-19-pandemic/", "source_locator": "Abstract and conclusions, 2016 production estimates; Table 2, printed p. 3054", "source_publication_date": "2020-03-06; 2025-03-05", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "formula": "100 * (280 - 326) / 326", "input_record_ids": "production-2016-repaired_remanufactured_million;production-2021-repaired_remanufactured_million", "qualification": "Our arithmetic, not an author-issued correction. Source narrative percentages differ. Survey estimates do not follow an unchanged panel of firms." } ], "sources": [ { "id": "S01", "author": "Sean Hobbs; Laszlo Horvath; Brad Gething", "title": "Investigation of the status of the wooden pallet market during the COVD-19 pandemic", "publisher": "BioResources / North Carolina State University", "publication_date": "2025-03-05", "observation_period": "2019-2021; historical comparison 2016", "url": "https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/investigation-of-the-status-of-the-wooden-pallet-market-during-the-covd-19-pandemic/", "pdf_url": "https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/BioRes_20_2_3047_Hobbs_HG_Investig_Wooden_Pallet_Market_during_Covid_19_24072.pdf", "locator": "Table 2, printed p. 3054; Table 4, p. 3058; Respondents; Summary and Conclusions item 1, p. 3066; data-manipulation appendix.", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "notes": "Peer-reviewed survey expansion estimates. Published table inputs retained; inconsistent abstract changes and the 1.18-billion summary total are disclosed. Publisher title spelling retained.", "page_reference_number": 1 }, { "id": "S07", "author": "Nathan Gerber; Laszlo Horvath; Philip Araman; Brad Gething", "title": "Investigation of new and recovered wood shipping platforms in the United States", "publisher": "BioResources / North Carolina State University", "publication_date": "2020-03-06", "observation_period": "2016", "url": "https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/investigation-of-new-and-recovered-wood-shipping-platforms-in-the-united-states/", "pdf_url": "", "locator": "Abstract; Pallet Production; conclusion 1", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "notes": "Primary source for the 2016 baseline: 513 million new, 326 million recycled/repaired or remanufactured; preserves source category label.", "page_reference_number": 2 }, { "id": "S02", "author": "Yash Mansharamani", "title": "Investigation into the Landfilling and Recovery of Wood and Wooden Pallets at U.S. Landfills in 2021", "publisher": "Virginia Tech; Master of Science thesis", "publication_date": "2024-05-07", "observation_period": "2021", "url": "https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/1f33b547-77f3-4695-b935-052c6d10b11d/content", "pdf_url": "https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/1f33b547-77f3-4695-b935-052c6d10b11d/content", "locator": "Tables 23–24, printed p. 52; methods and response rates pp. 24–25; conclusions and future research pp. 54–56; C&D questionnaire pp. 79–80.", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "notes": "Graduate thesis, not a peer-reviewed journal article. Two separate expansion methods. C&D questionnaire groups pallets/crates in some inputs. Table sums differ from nearby 60.8 million narrative; counts retained with discrepancy disclosed.", "page_reference_number": 3 }, { "id": "S04", "author": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "title": "Containers and Packaging: Product-Specific Data", "publisher": "U.S. EPA", "publication_date": "", "observation_period": "2010, 2015, 2017, 2018 selected from historical table", "url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/containers-and-packaging-product-specific", "pdf_url": "", "locator": "Wood Containers and Packaging section; 1960–2018 generation/management table; selected columns 2010, 2015, 2017, 2018.", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "notes": "Wood packaging, primarily pallets and also crates; not pallet-only. Thousands of U.S. short tons. Energy recovery is separate from recycling.", "page_reference_number": 4 }, { "id": "S03", "author": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "title": "Wood: Material-Specific Data", "publisher": "U.S. EPA", "publication_date": "", "observation_period": "2010, 2015, 2017, 2018 selected from historical table", "url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/wood-material-specific-data", "pdf_url": "", "locator": "1960–2018 Data on Wood in MSW by Weight; selected columns 2010, 2015, 2017, 2018.", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "notes": "Live agency reference; observation years retained separately from verification. Thousands of U.S. short tons; all-wood MSW denominator, not pallet-only.", "page_reference_number": 5 }, { "id": "S05", "author": "Cascadia Consulting Group; MSW Consultants; commissioned by SWACO", "title": "SWACO 2018–19 Waste Characterization Study: Final Report", "publisher": "Solid Waste Authority of Central Ohio", "publication_date": "2019-11", "observation_period": "Field sampling November 2018-August 2019; annual expansion based on calendar-year 2018 tonnage", "url": "https://www.swaco.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/SWACO-WCS_Final-Report_2018-19.pdf", "pdf_url": "https://www.swaco.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/SWACO-WCS_Final-Report_2018-19.pdf", "locator": "Tables 18-20, printed pages 50-52; PDF pages 49-51. Appendix C, printed page 44, identifies 2018 tonnage. Material definition #57 in Appendix A.", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "notes": "Franklin County waste in defined SWACO commercial and residential streams; excludes self-haul, special waste and construction/demolition-site loads. Tons as reported; no metric/short-ton conversion assumed. Untreated wood pallets, whole and broken. PDF upload directory does not date observations.", "page_reference_number": 6 }, { "id": "S10", "author": "Pallet Foundation", "title": "Study Shows 95% of Wooden Pallets Are Recycled", "publisher": "Pallet Foundation", "publication_date": "2018-03-29", "observation_period": "Historical study announcement; not 2026 observations", "url": "https://palletfoundation.org/study-shows-95-of-wooden-pallets-are-recycled/", "pdf_url": "", "locator": "Headline and announcement", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★ for what announcement claims", "notes": "Included to document provenance of widely repeated headline, not to validate a current national cohort recycling rate.", "page_reference_number": 7 }, { "id": "S08", "author": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "title": "Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures Report", "publisher": "U.S. EPA", "publication_date": "", "observation_period": "Latest fact sheet identified on agency page: released 2020, data 2018", "url": "https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/advancing-sustainable-materials-management", "pdf_url": "", "locator": "Facts and Figures overview and units note", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "notes": "Confirms data vintage and U.S. short-ton convention; no implication of 2026 waste measurement.", "page_reference_number": 8 }, { "id": "S09", "author": "Virginia Tech Center for Packaging and Unit Load Design", "title": "Research Update: New grant from The Pallet Foundation and NWPCA for a pallet market research study", "publisher": "Virginia Tech", "publication_date": "2022", "observation_period": "Study funding disclosure", "url": "https://www.unitload.vt.edu/about-us/media-center/cpuld-news/9-8-cpuld-news-spring-summer-2022/ru-new-grant-from-pallet-foundation-for-sean-hobbs-pallet-market-study.html", "pdf_url": "", "locator": "Research funding announcement", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "★", "notes": "Disclose industry funding of source research. Compilation is not a new university study.", "page_reference_number": 9 }, { "id": "S06", "author": "Lucas County", "title": "Solid Waste Management Plan Update", "publisher": "Lucas County, Ohio", "publication_date": "", "observation_period": "Landing page lists Approved 2024 Plan Update", "url": "https://www.co.lucas.oh.us/2193/Solid-Waste-Management-Plan-Update", "pdf_url": "", "locator": "Approved 2024 Plan Update link on official landing page", "verified_date": "2026-09-11", "verification_tier": "●", "notes": "Official landing page and Approved 2024 Plan Update pointer checked. Linked plan request failed on 2026-09-11. No assertion about unread plan contents; no local quantitative estimate.", "page_reference_number": 10 } ], "calculation_definitions": [ { "record_id": "output-combined-2016", "operation": "sum", "input_record_ids": [ "production-2016-new_million", "production-2016-repaired_remanufactured_million" ], "formula": "513 + 326", "value": 839, "display_value": 839, "unit": "million_pallets" }, { "record_id": "output-share-2016", "operation": "share_percent", "input_record_ids": [ "production-2016-repaired_remanufactured_million", "output-combined-2016" ], "formula": "100 * 326 / 839", "value": 38.85578069129917, "display_value": 38.9, "unit": "percent" }, { "record_id": "output-combined-2019", "operation": "sum", "input_record_ids": [ "production-2019-new_million", "production-2019-repaired_remanufactured_million" ], "formula": "748 + 223", "value": 971, "display_value": 971, "unit": "million_pallets" }, { "record_id": "output-share-2019", "operation": "share_percent", "input_record_ids": [ "production-2019-repaired_remanufactured_million", "output-combined-2019" ], "formula": "100 * 223 / 971", "value": 22.966014418125642, "display_value": 23.0, "unit": "percent" }, { "record_id": "output-combined-2020", "operation": "sum", "input_record_ids": [ "production-2020-new_million", "production-2020-repaired_remanufactured_million" ], "formula": "880 + 237", "value": 1117, "display_value": 1117, "unit": "million_pallets" }, { "record_id": "output-share-2020", "operation": "share_percent", "input_record_ids": [ "production-2020-repaired_remanufactured_million", "output-combined-2020" ], "formula": "100 * 237 / 1117", "value": 21.217547000895255, "display_value": 21.2, "unit": "percent" }, { "record_id": "output-combined-2021", "operation": "sum", "input_record_ids": [ "production-2021-new_million", "production-2021-repaired_remanufactured_million" ], "formula": "919 + 280", "value": 1199, "display_value": 1199, "unit": "million_pallets" }, { "record_id": "output-share-2021", "operation": "share_percent", "input_record_ids": [ "production-2021-repaired_remanufactured_million", "output-combined-2021" ], "formula": "100 * 280 / 1199", "value": 23.352793994995828, "display_value": 23.4, "unit": "percent" }, { "record_id": "core-retained-pathways-2021", "operation": "sum", "input_record_ids": [ "core-fate-2021-1", "core-fate-2021-2", "core-fate-2021-3" ], "formula": "5 + 78 + 11", "value": 94, "display_value": 94, "unit": "percent" }, { "record_id": "epa-wood-rate-2010", "operation": "share_percent", "input_record_ids": [ "epa_wood-2010-recycled", "epa_wood-2010-generated" ], "formula": "100 * 2280 / 15710", "value": 14.513049013367281, "display_value": 14.5, "unit": "percent" }, { "record_id": "epa-wood-rate-2015", "operation": "share_percent", "input_record_ids": [ "epa_wood-2015-recycled", "epa_wood-2015-generated" ], "formula": "100 * 2660 / 16300", "value": 16.319018404907975, "display_value": 16.3, "unit": "percent" }, { "record_id": "epa-wood-rate-2017", "operation": "share_percent", "input_record_ids": [ "epa_wood-2017-recycled", "epa_wood-2017-generated" ], "formula": "100 * 3030 / 18200", "value": 16.64835164835165, "display_value": 16.6, "unit": "percent" }, { "record_id": "epa-wood-rate-2018", "operation": "share_percent", "input_record_ids": [ "epa_wood-2018-recycled", "epa_wood-2018-generated" ], "formula": "100 * 3100 / 18090", "value": 17.136539524599225, "display_value": 17.1, "unit": "percent" }, { "record_id": "epa-packaging-rate-2010", "operation": "share_percent", "input_record_ids": [ "epa_packaging-2010-recycled", "epa_packaging-2010-generated" ], "formula": "100 * 2280 / 9770", "value": 23.336745138178095, "display_value": 23.3, "unit": "percent" }, { "record_id": "epa-packaging-rate-2015", "operation": "share_percent", "input_record_ids": [ "epa_packaging-2015-recycled", "epa_packaging-2015-generated" ], "formula": "100 * 2660 / 9770", "value": 27.22620266120778, "display_value": 27.2, "unit": "percent" }, { "record_id": "epa-packaging-rate-2017", "operation": "share_percent", "input_record_ids": [ "epa_packaging-2017-recycled", "epa_packaging-2017-generated" ], "formula": "100 * 3030 / 11560", "value": 26.21107266435986, "display_value": 26.2, "unit": "percent" }, { "record_id": "epa-packaging-rate-2018", "operation": "share_percent", "input_record_ids": [ "epa_packaging-2018-recycled", "epa_packaging-2018-generated" ], "formula": "100 * 3100 / 11530", "value": 26.886383347788378, "display_value": 26.9, "unit": "percent" }, { "record_id": "landfill-facility-based-landfilled-2021", "operation": "sum", "input_record_ids": [ "landfill-facility-based-msw-landfilled", "landfill-facility-based-candd-landfilled" ], "formula": "13415855 + 26721561", "value": 40137416, "display_value": 40137416, "unit": "estimated_pallets" }, { "record_id": "landfill-facility-based-recovered-2021", "operation": "sum", "input_record_ids": [ "landfill-facility-based-msw-recovered", "landfill-facility-based-candd-recovered" ], "formula": "18914897 + 17789318", "value": 36704215, "display_value": 36704215, "unit": "estimated_pallets" }, { "record_id": "landfill-facility-based-received-2021", "operation": "sum", "input_record_ids": [ "landfill-facility-based-landfilled-2021", "landfill-facility-based-recovered-2021" ], "formula": "40137416 + 36704215", "value": 76841631, "display_value": 76841631, "unit": "estimated_pallets" }, { "record_id": "landfill-facility-based-recovery-share-2021", "operation": "share_percent", "input_record_ids": [ "landfill-facility-based-recovered-2021", "landfill-facility-based-received-2021" ], "formula": "100 * 36704215 / 76841631", "value": 47.766054054734994, "display_value": 47.8, "unit": "percent" }, { "record_id": "landfill-population-based-landfilled-2021", "operation": "sum", "input_record_ids": [ "landfill-population-based-msw-landfilled", "landfill-population-based-candd-landfilled" ], "formula": "8533761 + 11345002", "value": 19878763, "display_value": 19878763, "unit": "estimated_pallets" }, { "record_id": "landfill-population-based-recovered-2021", "operation": "sum", "input_record_ids": [ "landfill-population-based-msw-recovered", "landfill-population-based-candd-recovered" ], "formula": "13031421 + 7911971", "value": 20943392, "display_value": 20943392, "unit": "estimated_pallets" }, { "record_id": "landfill-population-based-received-2021", "operation": "sum", "input_record_ids": [ "landfill-population-based-landfilled-2021", "landfill-population-based-recovered-2021" ], "formula": "19878763 + 20943392", "value": 40822155, "display_value": 40822155, "unit": "estimated_pallets" }, { "record_id": "landfill-population-based-recovery-share-2021", "operation": "share_percent", "input_record_ids": [ "landfill-population-based-recovered-2021", "landfill-population-based-received-2021" ], "formula": "100 * 20943392 / 40822155", "value": 51.30398431929917, "display_value": 51.3, "unit": "percent" }, { "record_id": "swaco-commercial-share-2018-19", "operation": "share_percent", "input_record_ids": [ "swaco-commercial-pallet_tons", "swaco-overall-pallet_tons" ], "formula": "100 * 44810 / 47082", "value": 95.17437661951489, "display_value": 95.2, "unit": "percent" }, { "record_id": "change-2016-2021-new_million", "operation": "change_percent", "input_record_ids": [ "production-2016-new_million", "production-2021-new_million" ], "formula": "100 * (919 - 513) / 513", "value": 79.14230019493178, "display_value": 79.1, "unit": "percent" }, { "record_id": "change-2016-2021-repaired_remanufactured_million", "operation": "change_percent", "input_record_ids": [ "production-2016-repaired_remanufactured_million", "production-2021-repaired_remanufactured_million" ], "formula": "100 * (280 - 326) / 326", "value": -14.110429447852761, "display_value": -14.1, "unit": "percent" } ], "checks": [ "Every derived record has explicit input-record IDs and an executable operation.", "EPA generated mass equals recycled plus combustion with energy recovery plus landfilled for every included year/category.", "SWACO commercial plus residential pallet tonnage and total-stream tonnage equal the corresponding overall figures.", "Original source inputs and the existing derived records are retained; four combined-output records are added." ], "source_discrepancies": [ { "source_id": "S01", "issue": "New output change", "source_claim": "75% increase", "table_based_calculation": "(919 - 513) / 513 * 100 = 79.1%", "verification_date": "2026-09-11" }, { "source_id": "S01", "issue": "Repaired/remanufactured output change", "source_claim": "16.4% decrease", "table_based_calculation": "(280 - 326) / 326 * 100 = -14.1%", "verification_date": "2026-09-11" }, { "source_id": "S01", "issue": "Combined 2021 output", "source_claim": "1.18 billion in Summary and Conclusions item 1", "table_based_calculation": "919 + 280 = 1,199 million (1.199 billion)", "verification_date": "2026-09-11" }, { "source_id": "S02", "issue": "Combined facility-based flows", "source_claim": "60.8 million in nearby prose; approximately 76.8 million in abstract", "table_based_calculation": "13,415,855 + 26,721,561 + 18,914,897 + 17,789,318 = 76,841,631", "verification_date": "2026-09-11" } ] }